Microbial drug resistance has fascinated a lot attention in recent years. In present study, the antibacterial activity of various extracts of Lagenaria vulgaris was studied against five bacterial pathogens i.e. Haemophilus influenzae MTCC 3826, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2474, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1144, Streptococcus pneumoniae MTCC 655, Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 442. Shade dried seeds were crushed and extracted in petroleum ether (PET), acetone (ACE), methanol (MeOH) and water (H 2 O) by using Soxhlet apparatus. The agar well diffusion method was adopted to examine antibacterial activity of extracts against the susceptible organisms. Erythromycin was used as positive control to determine the sensitivity of the strains. Phytochemical analysis was done for plant extract. Results showed that seed extracts of L. vulgaris exhibited moderate antibacterial activities. The maximum inhibition by acetone extract was found against H. influenzae (16 mm), S. pneumoniae (14 mm) and S. pyogenes (14 mm) respectively. Least activity was found against S. aureus (12 mm) followed by MeOH, H2 O and PET. The phytochemical screening for ACE extract of L. vulgaris has shown that plant contains flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, terpene, saponins and tannins. The investigation supports a good response to the use of L. vulgaris in herbal medicine and as a base for the development of new drugs and phytomedicine.

Now a days drug resistance is very common problem. In present study the antibacterial activity was studied against five bacterial pathogens i.e. Haemophilus influenzae MTCC 3826, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2474, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1144, Streptococcus pneumoniae MTCC 655 and Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 442. Shade dried root were crushed and extracted in petroleum ether (PET), acetone (ACE), methanol and water (H 2 O) by using Soxhlet apparatus. The agar well diffusion method was adopted to examine antibacterial activity of extracts against the susceptible organisms. Erythromycin was used as positive control to determine the sensitivity of the strains. Phytochemical analysis was done for plant extract. The results showed that MeOH extract was most active as comparison to other extract. The maximum inhibition was found against H. influenzae (19 mm) followed by S. pneumoniae (18 mm), S. pyogenes (17 mm) and S. aureus (17 mm) respectively. The minimum inhibition was noted against P. aruginosa (15 mm). The phytochemical screening for MeOH extract has shown that plant contains flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, terpene, saponins and tannins.

Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are structural components of wool and variation in them may affect wool characteristics. Variation in the Indian yak breed at KAP6.1 gene was investigated using PCR- DNA sequencing. Indian yak is the coarse carpet wool breed of India. Eight novel SNPs have been identified at the positions 1390T→C; 1406A→G; 1415G→A; 1433; T→C; 1441 G→C; 1476 A→G; 1488C→T and 1510G→A (all are transitions) and three insertions have been found at the position in between 1313-1316, respectively when compare with the reference exotic merino sheep sequence (Accession No. M95719). This study would lead to screening of these SNPs in larger sheep population for any possible association with wool yield or processing properties.

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of 104 isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium identified over last three decades revealed 83 antibiotic resistance patterns. Highest resistance was observed with doxycycline hydrochloride (36.53%), tetracycline (36.53%), neomycin (33.65%) and kanamycin (32.69%). On the other hand, Salmonella Typhimurium were found to be the most sensitive to gentamicin (92.31%), cefoperazone (86.53%), ceftazadime (83.65%), ciprofloxacin (83.65%) and streptomycin (85.57%). From 83 antibiotic resistance patterns one of the isolates showed resistance to as many as 12 drugs and similarly another isolate showed resistance to 10 drugs. There were 27 isolates which showed resistance to 5 to 9 antibiotics. Furthermore, resistance to 4 antibiotics was shown by 8 isolates. The results also indicated that there was marked increase in resistance to most of the antibiotics tested after the year 1980 with variations in between. However, some of the antibiotics such as cefoperazone, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol did not show much change in resistance pattern over the years.

Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are structural components of wool and variation in them may affect wool characteristics. Variation in the Indian yak breed at KAP6.1 gene was investigated using PCR- DNA sequencing. Indian yak is the coarse carpet wool breed of India. Eight novel SNPs have been identified at the positions 1390T→C; 1406A→G; 1415G→A; 1433; T→C; 1441 G→C; 1476 A→G; 1488C→T and 1510G→A (all are transitions) and three insertions have been found at the position in between 1313-1316, respectively when compare with the reference exotic merino sheep sequence (Accession No. M95719). This study would lead to screening of these SNPs in larger sheep population for any possible association with wool yield or processing properties.

A simple, fast, precise and accurate reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of paracetamol and domperidone from tablet by reverse phase waters C18 column (250 x 4.6, mm, 5µm). The sample was analyzed using Sodium Phosphate Buffer (Na2HPO4 +NaH2PO4): Acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 v/v (pH adjusted to 7.5±0.1 with orthophosphoric acid) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5ml/min & detection at 254 nm. The retention time for paracetamol & domperidone was found to be 2.1 & 8.5 min respectively. The validation of the proposed method was also carried out. The method was found to be linear (R 2 0.994 for paracetamol& R 2 0.997 for domperidone), precise (%RSD 0.98 for paracetamol & for domperidone 0.59) & selective. Due to its simplicity & accuracy, this method can be used for estimation of combination of these drugs in tablets dosage form.

Formulation and evaluation of wound healing activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cassia tora. The extract of Cassia tora (300mg/kg/day) applied topically, was evaluated for its wound healing activity in albino wistar rats (150 - 200gm body weight) using Excision and Incision wound models for 16days and 10days respectively. Wound healing activity was studied by determining wound breaking strength (g), percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelization. Methanolic extract treated animals exhibit 98.07% wound contraction when compared to control which was 90.54%. Extract treated wounds are found to epithelize faster as compared to control. Significant (P < 0.05) increase in the wound breaking strength (280.31 ± 6.521) was observed. 5% Betadine ointment was used as a standard. The Cassia tora methanolic leaf extract showed significant wound healing activity when topically administered on rats thus, supporting this traditional use.